Do you know anyone who has great difficulty in socializing with people and who cannot maintain any close relationship with others? The person might be a patient of Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Read on to learn more about the diagnosis, symptoms and treatments of this condition.

What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is a type of personality disorder in which the patient experiences great anxiety in social circumstances and prefers social isolation. It is also characterized by odd unconventional thinking and behavior. People suffering from this disorder develop these symptoms during early adulthood and continue with them throughout their lives.

Hungarian psychoanalyst Sandor Rado was the first person to use the term “schizotype” in 1956. The term was abbreviated from one phenotype of “schizophrenic genotype”. The ICD-10 of the World Health Organization (WHO) lists this mental disorder as Schizotypal Disorder.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Causes

The exact reason behind Schizotypal PD is still unknown. However, there are various theories regarding its probable causes. Most professionals believe it to be a genetic disorder while others consider the social and psychological factors of an individual to be responsible for the condition.

Genetic Causes

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is included on the Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR (the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). However, it is generally considered as a “Schizophrenia spectrum” mental disorder. Schizotypal PD is more common in people having relatives with Schizophrenia. Technically, it is an “extended phenotype” which helps geneticists to track the genetic transmission of the Schizophrenia affected genes.

Numerous studies show that individuals suffering from Schizotypal Disorder have very similar results with Schizophrenia patients on various neuropsychological tests.

Social and Environmental Causes

Recent studies show that unhealthy social environment of a child can also trigger this disease. Factors like improper parenting styles, some kind of mental stress or trauma and early childhood neglect can develop Schizotypal Personality Disorder as the individual grows up.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Symptoms

Its main characteristics include a tendency of staying away from other people and unusual way of viewing the world. Schizotypal PD can easily be mistaken for Schizophrenia as both these disorders are characterized by similar Cognitive deficit symptoms (mental retardation, learning disability etc). An individual suffering from Schizophrenia loses almost all contact with reality, often experiencing hallucinations. A Schizotypal PD patient also has the similar symptoms; however, they are reasonably mild in the latter case.

The symptoms of Schizotypal PD are first noticed during the adolescence of the patient. At this stage, the child may have a growing interest in various solitary activities. He may also be an underachiever in school and have difficulty in communicating with other children of his own age. All these factors can make the child a common target for teasing and bullying.

The main symptoms of Schizotypal Disorder in adults include:

• Peculiar behavior, thinking and beliefs
• Incorrect interpretation of all incidents
• Tendency to believe that all external events have some personal meaning
• Belief in powers like telepathy, extra sensory perception (ESP) and sixth sense
• Believing to be able to magically influence the thoughts and actions of other people
• Inability of maintaining close relationship with people outside the immediate family
• Inclination of blaming others for the social anxiety and inability to interact with people
• Perceptual alterations, which means physical illusions including imaginary pains when touched
• Vague and unclear pattern of speaking
• Inappropriate emotional responses
• Paranoid ideas
• Tendency of being suspicious about everything in the surrounding

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Prevention

There is no way of preventing Schizotypal Personality Disorder at present. However, scientists are trying to find out whether it is possible to foresee the chances of an individual being affected by this disorder and prevent it before the serious symptoms arise.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Tests and Diagnosis

Its diagnosis is done based on a thorough study of the medical as well as personal history of the affected individual. Interviewing the patient about the symptoms also helps in diagnosing Schizotypal Personality Disorder. A physical examination is important to rule out the possibility of other health conditions. Studying the symptoms present in an individual is the main way of diagnosing Schizotypal Disorder as there are no laboratory tests that can correctly determine its presence.

DSM-IV-TR Criteria

According to the DSM IV criteria released by the American Psychiatric Association, an individual must have at least 5 of the symptoms mentioned below to be positively diagnosed with Schizotypal Personality Disorder:

• Inaccurate perception of all external affairs with a belief that everything has a personal significance
• Ideas of reference which means an inclination to believe all unrelated and innocuous occurrences in the world have a direct personal connection
• Abnormal thinking and speech
• Unusual perceptions such as illusions
• Odd magical thinking and believing in super powers like telepathy, mind reading and clairvoyance
• Tendency of being suspicious of everything
• Eccentric or odd behavior and appearance
• Lack of close friends outside the immediate family circle
• Extreme social anxiety generally resulting from paranoid fears than lack of self-confidence

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is often present with other types of mental disorders (co-morbidity). This happens due to the overlapping criteria of Schizotypal PD with other personality disorders like Borderline Personality Disorder, Avoidant Personality Disorder and Paranoid Personality Disorder.

Individuals suffering from Schizotypal and Schizoid Personality Disorders often have similar symptoms. The most notable similarity is that both these disorders make it impossible for the patients to form close relationships with others. But, the reasons behind the similar symptoms help to differentiate between these disorders. Schizotypal PD patients cannot continue relationships with anyone as they do not trust people outside their family circle while individuals with Schizoid Personality Disorder do not want to form any relationships as they do not want to share their time with others.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Treatment

Until very recently, doctors believed that there is no way of treating a person suffering from this mental disorder. Now, it has been discovered that treating different symptoms can help in improving the condition of a Schizotypal Disorder patient. The treatment varies according to the symptoms present in an individual. It usually includes medications as well as different therapies.

Medications: There are no specific drugs for treating this condition; however, some antidepressant and antipsychotic medicines sometimes relieve a number of associate conditions like anxiety and depression. Prescription medications like olanzapine (Zyprexa) and risperidone (Risperdal) help in reducing distorted thinking.

Behavior therapy: A proper behavior therapy can help the individual learn how to behave in a public place, appropriate words to be used while talking to others, controlling facial reactions and tone of voice etc. These trainings can improve the social skills of the patient.

Psychotherapy: Encouraging a Schizotypal MD patient to build a trusting relationship with the therapist may help the individual to trust other people in future.

Cognitive therapy: It helps to identify and correct the peculiar thought patterns of the patient. For example, it can help a Schizotypal Personality Disorder patient understand what happens in interpersonal exchanges.

Family Therapy: Family members can seek professional counseling together with the patient as this helps to reduce fighting and emotional distances at home. It also provides the affected individual with great support from the family.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Prognosis

The prognosis for Schizotypal Disorder varies depending on different factors. Support from the family, keeping the patient happy and maintaining a healthy home environment helps to better the outcome of the treatment.

It is very difficult for an individual with Schizotypal PD to become as comfortable in social situations as a normal person, even after receiving a successful treatment. However, proper treatment will allow the individual to have a fairly normal life with good relationships and suitable activities.

Famous People with Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Political leaders like Hitler and Kim Jong-il have suffered from this mental condition. Other well known people with Schizotypal PD include American poet Emily Dickinson and Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is a lifelong mental condition which cannot be cured completely. However, proper treatment can help the patient to have a long and happy life.

Reference:

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/schizotypal-personality-disorder/DS00830/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002493/

http://psychcentral.com/disorders/sx33t.htm

http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/33023.html#symptoms

What is Nabothian cyst?

Nabothian cyst is lumps or cyst filled with mucus that grows on the cervical surface. It is normally 2 to 10 millimeters in diameter and consists of mucus that is amber yellow or pale yellow in color.

Picture 1 – Nabothian Cysts

Generally Nabothian cyst is formed with the re-growth of new tissue on cervix after childbirth. The new tissue closes the openings of the Nabothian glands and traps their mucous discharge in tiny follicles under the skin. Nabothian cyst is frequently found on a woman’s cervix after childbirth. They are also sometimes found in menopausal women with thinning cervical skin. In some rare occasions, Nabothian cyst is connected to chronic cervicitis, a form of long term cervix infection.

Nabothian cyst is frequently referred to as epithelial inclusion cyst, Nabothian follicles and mucinous retention cyst.

Nabothian Cyst Causes

A woman’s cervix is lined with cells and glands that secrete mucus. The glands can get covered by certain skin cells known as squamous epithelium. This can result in the secretions getting accumulated on the cervix forming smooth, round bumps. These bumps are called Nabothian cysts.

Nabothian Cyst Symptoms

Nabothian cyst appears as small-sized, white, raised bumps that can appear singly or in clusters. The cyst normally does not create any symptoms unless they become exceptionally large.

Nabothian Cyst Diagnosis

Nabothian cyst is mostly discovered by the health care provider during a routine pelvic exam. A small rounded lump or a collection of lumps is discovered on the cervix’s surface. The woman may also notice the cyst herself while inserting a cervical cap or a diaphragm, or when going through a cervix check up. Sometimes, a colposcopy exam may be necessary to distinguish these cysts from other similar bumps on the cervix’s surface. If the cysts have got an abnormal appearance, the doctor may choose to do a biopsy to check for the presence of mucus-producing cancer.

Nabothian cyst Treatment

Nabothian cysts are normally considered harmless and hence they do not require any treatment. The cysts generally go away automatically and in some very rare cases do they pose as a persistent threat. Some women find that these cysts appear and disappear in accordance to their monthly menstrual cycle.

Sometimes Nabothian cysts grow very large in their size and develop secondary symptoms. There are two well-known methods used to remove Nabothian cyst, namely Cryotherapy and Electrocautery. In Cryotherapy, the cyst is frozen using liquid nitrogen. The process of Electrocautery makes the use of a heated probe for destroying the cyst.

Nabothian Cyst Duration

Nabothian cysts are normally considered to be a long term condition. Some of the cysts might get bigger with time.

Nabothian Cyst Prevention

Nabothian cyst is considered a common occurrence for women after childbirth. There is no known ways to prevent the development of these cysts.

When to contact a medical professional

Since Nabothian cyst is quite normal and they do not have any observable symptoms, normally a woman having them is unaware of the fact that she is having them. However, it is advisable for a woman to visit her gynecologist for regular checkups, as these cysts are normally detected during routine pelvic examinations.

Nabothian Cyst Possible Complications

Nabothian cyst can sometimes become so big in size that they can enlarge or block the cervix and make it difficult to conduct a Pap smear test.

Nabothian cyst may bleed if they are tampered with.

Nabothian Cyst Prognosis

Nabothian cyst is not known to cause any harm to the patient; they is in fact a benign condition. However, sometimes new cyst can develop even after the old ones are removed by Cryotherapy or Electrocautery.

Nabothian Cyst Pictures

Here are some images that show the growth of the Nabothian cyst on the cervix.

Picture 2 – Nabothian Cyst Image

Picture 3 – Nabothian Cyst Photo

Nabothian cyst is a benign condition that can be easily dealt with when diagnosed early. These cysts do not normally pose as a serious threat.

References:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002482/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabothian_cyst

http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/nabothian-cyst/overview.html

http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/nabothian-cyst.html

Do you know anyone who has great difficulty in socializing with people and who cannot maintain any close relationship with others? The person might be a patient of Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Read on to learn more about the diagnosis, symptoms and treatments of this condition.

What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is a type of personality disorder in which the patient experiences great anxiety in social circumstances and prefers social isolation. It is also characterized by odd unconventional thinking and behavior. People suffering from this disorder develop these symptoms during early adulthood and continue with them throughout their lives.

Hungarian psychoanalyst Sandor Rado was the first person to use the term “schizotype” in 1956. The term was abbreviated from one phenotype of “schizophrenic genotype”. The ICD-10 of the World Health Organization (WHO) lists this mental disorder as Schizotypal Disorder.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Causes

The exact reason behind Schizotypal PD is still unknown. However, there are various theories regarding its probable causes. Most professionals believe it to be a genetic disorder while others consider the social and psychological factors of an individual to be responsible for the condition.

Genetic Causes

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is included on the Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR (the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). However, it is generally considered as a “Schizophrenia spectrum” mental disorder. Schizotypal PD is more common in people having relatives with Schizophrenia. Technically, it is an “extended phenotype” which helps geneticists to track the genetic transmission of the Schizophrenia affected genes.

Numerous studies show that individuals suffering from Schizotypal Disorder have very similar results with Schizophrenia patients on various neuropsychological tests.

Social and Environmental Causes

Recent studies show that unhealthy social environment of a child can also trigger this disease. Factors like improper parenting styles, some kind of mental stress or trauma and early childhood neglect can develop Schizotypal Personality Disorder as the individual grows up.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Symptoms

Its main characteristics include a tendency of staying away from other people and unusual way of viewing the world. Schizotypal PD can easily be mistaken for Schizophrenia as both these disorders are characterized by similar Cognitive deficit symptoms (mental retardation, learning disability etc). An individual suffering from Schizophrenia loses almost all contact with reality, often experiencing hallucinations. A Schizotypal PD patient also has the similar symptoms; however, they are reasonably mild in the latter case.

The symptoms of Schizotypal PD are first noticed during the adolescence of the patient. At this stage, the child may have a growing interest in various solitary activities. He may also be an underachiever in school and have difficulty in communicating with other children of his own age. All these factors can make the child a common target for teasing and bullying.

The main symptoms of Schizotypal Disorder in adults include:

• Peculiar behavior, thinking and beliefs
• Incorrect interpretation of all incidents
• Tendency to believe that all external events have some personal meaning
• Belief in powers like telepathy, extra sensory perception (ESP) and sixth sense
• Believing to be able to magically influence the thoughts and actions of other people
• Inability of maintaining close relationship with people outside the immediate family
• Inclination of blaming others for the social anxiety and inability to interact with people
• Perceptual alterations, which means physical illusions including imaginary pains when touched
• Vague and unclear pattern of speaking
• Inappropriate emotional responses
• Paranoid ideas
• Tendency of being suspicious about everything in the surrounding

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Prevention

There is no way of preventing Schizotypal Personality Disorder at present. However, scientists are trying to find out whether it is possible to foresee the chances of an individual being affected by this disorder and prevent it before the serious symptoms arise.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Tests and Diagnosis

Its diagnosis is done based on a thorough study of the medical as well as personal history of the affected individual. Interviewing the patient about the symptoms also helps in diagnosing Schizotypal Personality Disorder. A physical examination is important to rule out the possibility of other health conditions. Studying the symptoms present in an individual is the main way of diagnosing Schizotypal Disorder as there are no laboratory tests that can correctly determine its presence.

DSM-IV-TR Criteria

According to the DSM IV criteria released by the American Psychiatric Association, an individual must have at least 5 of the symptoms mentioned below to be positively diagnosed with Schizotypal Personality Disorder:

• Inaccurate perception of all external affairs with a belief that everything has a personal significance
• Ideas of reference which means an inclination to believe all unrelated and innocuous occurrences in the world have a direct personal connection
• Abnormal thinking and speech
• Unusual perceptions such as illusions
• Odd magical thinking and believing in super powers like telepathy, mind reading and clairvoyance
• Tendency of being suspicious of everything
• Eccentric or odd behavior and appearance
• Lack of close friends outside the immediate family circle
• Extreme social anxiety generally resulting from paranoid fears than lack of self-confidence

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is often present with other types of mental disorders (co-morbidity). This happens due to the overlapping criteria of Schizotypal PD with other personality disorders like Borderline Personality Disorder, Avoidant Personality Disorder and Paranoid Personality Disorder.

Individuals suffering from Schizotypal and Schizoid Personality Disorders often have similar symptoms. The most notable similarity is that both these disorders make it impossible for the patients to form close relationships with others. But, the reasons behind the similar symptoms help to differentiate between these disorders. Schizotypal PD patients cannot continue relationships with anyone as they do not trust people outside their family circle while individuals with Schizoid Personality Disorder do not want to form any relationships as they do not want to share their time with others.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Treatment

Until very recently, doctors believed that there is no way of treating a person suffering from this mental disorder. Now, it has been discovered that treating different symptoms can help in improving the condition of a Schizotypal Disorder patient. The treatment varies according to the symptoms present in an individual. It usually includes medications as well as different therapies.

Medications: There are no specific drugs for treating this condition; however, some antidepressant and antipsychotic medicines sometimes relieve a number of associate conditions like anxiety and depression. Prescription medications like olanzapine (Zyprexa) and risperidone (Risperdal) help in reducing distorted thinking.

Behavior therapy: A proper behavior therapy can help the individual learn how to behave in a public place, appropriate words to be used while talking to others, controlling facial reactions and tone of voice etc. These trainings can improve the social skills of the patient.

Psychotherapy: Encouraging a Schizotypal MD patient to build a trusting relationship with the therapist may help the individual to trust other people in future.

Cognitive therapy: It helps to identify and correct the peculiar thought patterns of the patient. For example, it can help a Schizotypal Personality Disorder patient understand what happens in interpersonal exchanges.

Family Therapy: Family members can seek professional counseling together with the patient as this helps to reduce fighting and emotional distances at home. It also provides the affected individual with great support from the family.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Prognosis

The prognosis for Schizotypal Disorder varies depending on different factors. Support from the family, keeping the patient happy and maintaining a healthy home environment helps to better the outcome of the treatment.

It is very difficult for an individual with Schizotypal PD to become as comfortable in social situations as a normal person, even after receiving a successful treatment. However, proper treatment will allow the individual to have a fairly normal life with good relationships and suitable activities.

Famous People with Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Political leaders like Hitler and Kim Jong-il have suffered from this mental condition. Other well known people with Schizotypal PD include American poet Emily Dickinson and Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is a lifelong mental condition which cannot be cured completely. However, proper treatment can help the patient to have a long and happy life.

Reference:

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/schizotypal-personality-disorder/DS00830/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002493/

http://psychcentral.com/disorders/sx33t.htm

http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/33023.html#symptoms

Myringotomy Definition

It is a surgical process that involves making a small incision in the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to ease buildup of pressure caused by excessive accumulation of fluids. The process may also be used to drain out pus. The surgery is usually conducted in both ears. It is used an optional curative process for swelling of the middle ear.

Myringotomy Etymology

The name of this operative procedure is derived from the fusion of the Latin term “myringa”, standing for “drum membrane”, and the Greek word “tome” which means “cutting”.

Myringotomy Names

The operative process is also known by other names like:

• Myringocentesis
• Tympanotomy
• Tympanostomy
• Paracentesis of the tympanic membrane

Myringotomy Cost

On an average, this operation costs around $2,800. In some cases, it may come as high as $5000. The price actually depends on where you live and where you are conducting it from.

Myringotomy Procedure

The actual operative procedure takes only about 10-15 minutes to be completed. However, the process requires some amount of preparation as well as after-care. Here are the steps to be followed before, during and after the surgery to help in successful completion of the operation.

Before the operation

Patients should not eat or drink anything at anytime between 6 and 24 hours before undergoing the surgery. This includes avoiding water completely. Physicians should be informed of any prior conditions or infections they might have had recently. Patients should inform doctors about any medications or herbs that they might have used recently or in the past. Since the procedure is generally conducted on children, their parents are asked to bring along stuffed animals or other toys that can make children feel more comfortable.

During the operation

During operation, patients are first administered with drugs that can make them relax. An anaesthesiologist is most likely to use general anesthesia for tranquilizing the patient. In some cases, however, local anesthesia may also be used. This involves application of a cream to the ear canal, which contains Prilocaine and Lidocaine. The cream is typically applied half-an-hour prior to the actual surgery. Rarely, medical acupuncture is used to manage painful symptoms. In such cases, acupuncture is usually started approximately 40 minutes before the operation and is continued until the surgery comes to an end.

After the operation

After the anesthesia is administered, surgeons thoroughly wash the ear and perform a small incision in the eardrum. The incision is made through the external ear canal with the aid of an operating microscope. The process does not leave any incisions or stitches that are outwardly visible. Once the incision has been made, accumulated fluids are suctioned out of the ear and an ear tube is put in the eardrum. In the majority of cases, drops are introduced into the ear. Cotton plugs are also inserted into the ear canal to control bleeding.

Myringotomy Video

This is a useful video that can allow you to get an idea of how the operation is actually performed.

Myringotomy in Adults

The operation is typically conducted in children aged between 1 and 2 years. In some cases, it is also found to be performed in 5 year old kids. In adults, the surgery can be carried out without the use of a general anesthetic. The patient needs to be very still even though they may experience some amount of pressure and discomfort.

Myringotomy Purpose

This surgical process is performed due to various reasons, such as:

• Providing relief from discomforting symptoms caused by the buildup of fluids in the eardrum
• Draining out fluid or taking a sample of it for laboratory examination to detect the presence of any known microorganisms
• Restoring hearing capabilities

The process can also be used to insert ear tubes. During surgery, ear tubes can be inserted into the incised area and left in place. Once the eardrum heals around the tubes, they get secured in place. Generally, these fall out within 6 months to one year without any external force. If that fails to happen, these may be removed by a doctor.

When left in place, the ear tubes prevent the closure of the incision by keeping open a channel between the middle and the outer ear. This lets air-drying of the fluid in the middle ear and prevents build-up of pressure in the middle ear. Once the fluid dries out, patients immediately find their hearing capability returning to normal. This also reduces the risk of recurrence.

Once ear tubes are inserted during Myringotomy, patients are often reported to hear and talk better. They are also found to sleep better and behave well without displaying any irritability.

In recent years, this operative process along with tube replacement has become a primary treatment for curing Otitis Media in children.

Myringotomy Complications

Like all surgeries, this operative procedure has its own risks. These include:

• Early protrusion of tube after surgery.
• Failure of the eardrum to recuperate after the falling out of the tube.
• If the incised area does not heal properly after surgery, a permanent hole can be formed in the eardrum. It can lead to partial loss of hearing and also raise the risk of infection.
• An improperly conducted operation may also make the ear tubes move inward and get stuck in the middle ear. In ideal conditions, the tubes should extend into the external ear and either fall out naturally or be removed by a doctor.
• An improper surgery may also lead to cutting or damaging of the external ear.
• Granular nodes may also develop at the site of surgery due to inflammation.
• If surgery is not conducted accurately, the eardrum can get perforated leading to permanent physical damage.
• A wrongly conducted operation may also cause buildup of cholesterol and skin cells in the middle ear. These can grow and damage the adjoining bone (Cholesteatoma)
• Following this operation, there can be a 13% risk of constant discharge from the ear (Otorrhea).
• In some people, general anesthesia or sedatives administered during the surgery can give rise to side effects.

The surgery does not guarantee permanent treatment. Approximately 30% children undergoing this operation as well as an insertion of ear tubes need to undergo the process in about 5 years.

Repeated surgeries of this type may result in structural changes in the eardrum, such as:

• Retraction or shrinkage
• Flaccidity or loss of tone
• Hardening of a region of the eardrum (Typmanosclerosis)

Repeated operations of these types may also increase the risk of hardening to 51%.

Bilateral Myringotomy

It is a surgical process conducted to place tubes within the ears. This helps stop recurring ear infections by allowing air to flow in and out of the middle ear of patients. However, it does not completely eliminate chances of ear infection. Tympanostomy tubes are typically made of Teflon or Silicon. Some are also made of stainless steel but used only infrequently. Their peculiar name comes from the fact that they are shaped like a Grommet or the English alphabet T.

Myringotomy and Grommets Insertion

This is a common operation that is conducted to allow free circulation of air in the middle section of the ear. The process includes insertion of grommets (also known as Tympanostomy tubes) into the eardrum. It helps relieve hear loss due to congestion caused by the presence of fluids in the middle ear. It also helps reduce pain occurring due to poor flow of air in the middle ear. Though a simple process, it can give rise to side effects like

• Soreness of ears after surgery
• Bloody discharge from the ears
• Development of scar tissues on the eardrum
• Drainage of pus after insertion of grommets (occasional)

Laser Myringotomy

Also referred to as OtoLAM or Laser Assisted Myringotomy, this laser-aided operation uses specialized Co2 laser equipment rather than a surgical instrument to make a hole in the eardrum. It is less invasive than incision by surgical equipments and can be conducted in an outpatient clinic or an office setting. It only requires use of a general anesthesia.

The process helps create an appropriate hole in the tympanic membrane which remains open for a number of weeks. According to clinical studies, around 60% cases resolve after the use of this process. It helps clear up underlying infection and also prevent repeated episodes of Otitis Media.

It was as early as in the 18th century when an incision in the ear drum was first promoted as a means to facilitate drainage of the ear cavity and cure deafness. With the aid of laser, Myringotomy has become even more advanced today and promises better chances of recovery. If properly carried out, the rate of healing is usually quite fast in any type of Myringotomy.

References:

http://www.yoursurgery.com/ProcedureDetails.cfm?BR=4&Proc=37

http://www.surgeryinformation.info/2011/08/myringotomy.html

http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/ent/myringot.html

http://www.eardoc.info/faq-2/myringotomy

Noonan Syndrome is a complicated condition that is regarded as a type of dwarfism. Read on to know what is Noonan Syndrome as well as its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and cure.

Noonan Syndrome Definition

It is an acquired genetic disorder that runs down generations of the same family and results in unusual growth in many parts of the human body. The disease was earlier known as “Turner-like Syndrome” or as “Male version of Turner’s Syndrome”.

Noonan Syndrome ICD9 Code

The ICD9 Code for Noonan Syndrome is 759.89.

Noonan Syndrome Incidence

This is a rare genetic disorder that is found to affect only 1 out of every 2000 individuals.

Noonan Syndrome History

The disease owes its name to Dr. Jacqueline Noonan, an American child cardiologist. In 1963, Dr. Noonan observed that many children, who were her patients, had similar facial features along with narrow pulmonary valves. The kids were also found to be of similar short stature. Noonan was the first physician who is credited to have discovered this syndrome.

Noonan Syndrome Symptoms

Picture 1 – Noonan Syndrome

Noonan Syndrome (NS) has a wide range of symptoms, not all of which are exhibited by all patients. Symptoms and their severity differs one patient to another. Generally, however, a patient with NS displays physical abnormalities that include:

Facial irregularities

People with NS typically have large eyes which may either be widely spaced or drooping (downward slanting) in appearance. Sagging eyelids (Ptosis) is one of the common symptoms of Noonan Syndrome. The nasal bridge may appear as flat. The ears may appear abnormal in shape or as if they have been set low on the head.

Cervical abnormalities

The neck (cervix) is often shorter than usual in NS sufferers. There may also be additional folds of skin on either side of the posterior neck region.

Heart defects

As many as 80% children with Noonan syndrome are found to suffer from cardiac defects. These defects may include a hole in the cardiac chambers, a narrowing of the pulmonary valve and thickening of the heart muscles.

Some other prominent signs of this disease are:

• Variable loss of hearing capabilities
• Delayed puberty
• Slight mental retardation, only in about 1/4^th of all patients
• Small penis
• Short stature
• Undescended testicles (testicles that fail to move into the scrotum despite development of the male fetus)
• Abnormal shape of chest, generally a sunken chest (Pectus Excavatum)

Noonan Syndrome and Learning Disabilities

It has been suggested that Noonan syndrome is associated with learning disabilities, despite a lack of substantiating

evidence, and parents have suggested that affected children are clumsy and have behavioral problems. In a study of 151 individuals with Noonan syndrome, Sharland et al. (1992) noted that there was a slight delay in the motor milestones and that only 11% of children of school age attended a school for children with learning disabilities, but there was no formal assessment of IQ.

What Causes Noonan Syndrome?

The development of NS is associated to defects in any of the genes that are involved in the formation of many tissues all through the human body. Scientists presently know of seven genes that may give rise to Noonan Syndrome. A mutation in any of these genes can cause NS.

These genes manufacture proteins which play a role in growth and development of humans. Defects in these genes cause hyperactivity of the manufactured proteins which interrupts the normal method of cell growth and division.

In some people, NS develops even without a mutation in any of the seven genes. In such cases, NS seem to be a result of mutations in genes that are yet undiscovered.

Is Noonan Syndrome Hereditary?

This largely appears to be a hereditary condition and is said to be autosomal dominant in nature. In other words, an infant can have this syndrome if it receives the mutated gene from either of its parents. The genetic mutation can occur in any of these ways:

• It can be acquired from a parent who carries the mutated gene, in an autosomal dominant case.
• It may develop due to an altogether new mutation in offspring, even in the absence of any a genetic predisposition for the condition.

Kids having one parent with NS have a 50% chance of suffering from the disorder. In some cases, however, the condition may not be inherited.

Noonan Syndrome Diagnosis

The diagnosis of this disease depends on the amount of symptoms displayed by sufferers. If the symptoms are more in number, the condition can be diagnosed earlier. Doctors may also become aware of this disease faster if a heart murmur is found to be caused by an uneven flow of blood. An Echocardiogram (ECG) test can help investigate irregularities in blood flow.

Diagnosis is usually done after a physician observes some of the primary symptoms of the disorder. However, some features are too subtle to be detected through tests. Noonan Syndrome testing is non-specific in nature.

In some cases, the disease is diagnosed only after a person has reached adulthood and given birth to a child with obvious NS symptoms.

If a doctor suspects heart problems, he or she will initially carry out a physical examination. A physical observation helps detect symptoms of Congenital Heart Disease like Pulmonary Stenosis and even ASD in some cases.

Doctors may also recommend other cardiac tests, such as:

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

The procedure involves placing electrodes on the chest of patients to assess problems. The technique helps in recording and analyzing the electrical impulses that pass through the heart.

Echocardiogram

The test involves using sound waves to produce a moving diagram of the functioning heart. It allows doctors to view the source of problems in the organ.

These cardiac tests can be used to assess the nature and intensity of the disease. The tests are generally carried out by a physician who specializes in heart ailments (cardiologist).

Some other diagnostic tests for this disease include:

• Chest x-ray
• Molecular genetic testing
• Hearing tests
• Platelet count
• Blood clotting factor test

Noonan Syndrome Treatment

There is no particular treatment for this condition. Doctors usually suggest treatment that helps manage or relieve the symptoms arising from the disease, such as heart complications. Treatment is also required if there is any structural irregularity or an obstruction that prevents normal flow of blood within the body. The approach for cure depends on the type and severity of the disease. Most of the physical problems arising from this disease are cured in a general manner. No specific approach is used.

Some of the main symptomatic treatments, used for curing this condition, may include:

Heart Treatment

Various cardiac problems, associated with this disease, are quite effectively cured with certain drugs. Surgery may be required if any valve involvement is detected.

Low Growth Rate Treatment

In children affected with NS doctors usually examine hormone levels, bone growth and thyroid function as well as blood chemistry. The height of patients should be determined thrice every year until they are 3 years of age. After that, height measurement can be done once every year until adulthood. If the level of growth hormones is found to be insufficient, growth hormone therapy may be used to treat the condition. In some patients with NS, Growth hormone therapy has been found to yield successful results in improving short stature.

Learning Disability Treatment

This includes the correction of various mental as well as behavioral issues. Doctors may also use infant stimulation programs in some cases.

Vision Treatment

Children affected with NS require regular testing of eyesight after every 2 years. Most vision-related problems can be improved simply with the help of glasses.

Genital Treatment

In male infants with undescended testes at birth, surgery is a possibility.

Urinary Tract Treatment

If NS sufferers are diagnosed with urinary tract infection, physicians may use antibiotics as a standard treatment procedure.

Noonan Syndrome Prognosis

The condition has a good prognosis due to the fact that treatment is generally successful. However, it is better to be said that the prognosis largely depends on the severity of the various symptoms, particularly cardiac defects. Sufferers with a severe form of this syndrome can have a much shorter life span than those with mild problems.

Long-term prognosis also depends on whether the patient suffers from mental deficiencies.

Noonan Syndrome Complications

The condition may cause several physical complications, most of which are permanent. These include:

• Structural problems of the heart
• Short stature
• Failure to thrive (especially in infancy)
• Reduced growth of height
• Slow weight gain
• Infertility in males with twin undescended testes
• Hair problems
• Skin irregularities
• Poor muscle tone
• Accumulation of fluids in body tissues (Cystic Hygroma, Lymphedema)
• Tendency to bruise easily
• Eyesight problems, such as short-sightedness
• Ear infections, leading to possible hearing loss

Patients may also suffer from mental problems that include:

• Reduced self-esteem
• Social difficulties (related with physical symptoms)

Noonan Syndrome Life Expectancy

In NS sufferers, life expectancy depends on the associated complications as well as their severity during the lifetime of patients. A few medical studies suggest that lifespan can be reduced by approximately 10 years in sufferers.

Noonan Syndrome Association (NSA)

It is a registered charitable organization in the UK that provides support to patients affected by Noonan Syndrome as well as their families. The establishment extends complete support through research, care-giving and raising awareness about the disease.

The registered address of this organization is:

Noonan Syndrome Association

Newlife Centre

Hemlock Way

Cannock

Staffordshire WS11 7GF

Registerd Charity Number: 1140671

The contact information of this establishment is:

Telephone: 0800 083 2972

Fax: 01543 468999

E-mail: info@noonansyndrome.co.uk

Noonan Syndrome and Hearing Loss

Patients with NS have a higher risk of suffering from certain degree of hearing loss. The type of hearing loss is Sensorineural, which means the hearing defect is experienced in areas like:

• Inner ear
• Auditory nerve
• Auditory centers of the brain

Surgery is used to improve this form of hearing loss, often without any success. In such cases, hearing aids may help cure auditory defects.

Noonan Syndrome and Bleeding Disorders

Several bleeding disorders have been related with this condition. Women with a bleeding disease typically suffer from heavy bleeding during childbirth or menstruation (Menorrhagia). Some individuals may experience other difficulties, such as:

• Bleeding through the nose
• Excessive bruising
• Prolonged bleeding following trauma or surgery

Noonan Syndrome and Cardiac Defects

2/3^rd patients with NS are found to suffer from cardiac problems like:

Pulmonary Valvular Stenosis

The condition arises in 50% of NS sufferers. It is characterized by an obstruction of proper blood flow to the lungs from the right lower chamber of the heart (right ventricle). Infants with NS often suffer from a decrease in width of the pulmonary valve, through which blood moves from the heart to the lungs.

Septal defects

These defects may include holes in either of the upper or the lower chambers of the heart. The cardiac muscles may also get thickened.

Heart murmur

It refers to the sound of flowing back of blood through an impaired heart valve. Heart murmur often helps in diagnosing NS in patients.

Cardiomyopathy

The disease involves a weakening or an aberration in the cardiac muscle. The problem often arises due to problems in cardiac functioning or when the heart fails to pump normally. Most patients with Cardiomyopathy suffer from heart failure at a later stage.

Noonan Syndrome in Babies

NS is found to arise in only one out of 1,000 to 2,500 live births. The problem may be detected in babies in infancy due to the presence of

• Abnormal facial characteristics
• Excessive neck skin
• Thin hairline on the back of the neck
• Flat nose
• Larger head than body
• Reduced growth in stature
• Decreased weight gain

Noonan Syndrome Pictures

Here are some assistive Noonan Syndrome photos that will give you an idea about the physical appearance of sufferers of this condition. You may find these Noonan Syndrome images quite useful for reference.

Picture 2 – Noonan Syndrome Image

Picture 3 – Noonan Syndrome Photo

Noonan Syndrome Prevention

There is no definite way to prevent this condition. However, married couples who wish to give birth and have a family history of NS should consider genetic counseling before having children. Those who have just delivered babies should perform early evaluation. Early examination in infants can help detect this condition. Often, assessment by an experienced geneticist is required to diagnose Noonan Syndrome.

References:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002621/

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/noonan-syndrome/DS00857

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/947504-overview

http://www.experts123.com/q/what-is-noonan-syndrome.html

What is Carotid endarterectomy?

It is an important surgery used to prevent stroke by repairing constriction (Stenosis) in the common catroid artery. It is primarily used in individuals suffering from Cartoid Artery Disease.

The process is abbreviated as CEA.

Carotid Endarterectomy ICD 9 Code

The ICD 9 Code for Carotid Endarterectomy is 38.1.

Why is Carotid endarterectomy Performed?

It is mainly conducted to remove fat-filled plaque from the arteries located in the neck. Cartoid Artery Disease leads to the deposition of fatty plaque on the interior walls of the carotid arteries in the neck. The condition affects the vessels directed towards the head and the brain. The cells of the brain require a constant supply of oxygenated blood to survive and function. Blood is supplied to the brain by two large carotid arteries at an anterior position of the neck and two smaller vertebral arteries situated at a position posterior to the neck. Plaques are small, unusual patches that can be found inside the body. These are composed of calcium, fat, cholesterol and other materials found in the bloodstream. Over a period of time, these plaques harden and constrict the carotid arteries. When the carotid arteries get obstructed, the brain does not receive enough oxygen. This gives rise to a stroke. Carotid endarterectomy is carried out to remedy this condition. During this operation, surgeons make a cut (incision) in the neck and take out the accumulated plaques from a carotid artery. This helps restore normal flow of blood through the artery.

Carotid endarterectomy Procedure

This surgical process takes approximately a couple of hours to be performed. However, the time involved for making preparations and administering of anesthesia can increase the total duration involved for surgery. Prior to the surgery, vascular surgeon or physician may give certain instructions that patients need to follow, such as fasting. Before the operation is carried out, doctors may carry out a common test called Duplex Ultrasound to find out the extent of plaque accumulation in the arteries. This painless examination involves using sound waves to display the blood vessels and determine the speed of blood flow within them. The test can also help specify the location and extent of constriction in the carotid artery. Vascular surgeons may also use other tests, such as:

• Angiography (or arteriography)
• Computed tomographic angiogram (CTA)
• Computed tomography (CT) scan
• Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

The actual operation involves using anesthesia to put patients to sleep. Alternately, surgeons or anesthesiologists can choose to induce localized numbness in the neck region. This is done to keep patients awake so that they may communicate with the surgeon while the operation is being carried out. If patients stay awake, physicians can monitor more easily the reaction of the brain to reduced blood supply.

Whether the patient is conscious or unconscious, surgeons shave the skin of the neck region that is going to be the site of operation. Shaving the skin prior to an incision helps prevent outbreak of infections. This is followed by performing an incision on one side of the neck. This helps display the obstructed carotid artery. Next, the surgeon clamps the carotid artery temporarily to stop flow of blood through it. During operation, the brain gets blood supply from the carotid artery located on the other slope of the neck. Alternately, surgeons may also put in a shunt to move the blood in a roundabout way around the artery that is being fixed.

Once the carotid artery has been clamped, the surgeon directly makes an incision into the obstructed section. Next, the deposited plaque is peeled off by removing the inner lining of the affected arterial section that contains the plaque.

After the plaque has been removed, the surgeon sews the artery and takes off the clamps or the shunt. Bleeding, if any, is stopped. The neck incision is closed and the process is completed. As part of the surgical process, a patch is often used to broaden the artery. The material of the patch can be a vein of the patient, often taken from the leg, or various synthetic materials – whichever is deemed fit by the surgeon.

Carotid endarterectomy and Stroke Symptoms

In some cases, individuals with an obstruction in the carotid artery may suffer from symptoms related with a stroke, such as:

• Vision defects
• Slurred speech
• Mental confusion

Asymptomatic individuals with arterial blockage diagnosed during a physical test may display a bruit or an unusual sound related with defective flow of arterial blood. If a bruit is detected, further tests may be ordered to make greater evaluation of the condition of the carotid arteries of the affected individual.

Carotid endarterectomy Indications

It often becomes difficult for surgeons to decide who are eligible for a CEA operation. Surgery is indicated when patients are symptomatic and have more than 70% carotid artery stenosis. Surgery is also deemed appropriate in a asymptomatic or symptomatic patients with over 60% stenosis, especially if

• Ulcers are found on the plaque
• Patients show symptoms even when administered with aspirin
• The opposite carotid artery is obstructed
• CT or MRI scans of a minor stroke shows that no symptoms were produced
• The extent of Stenosis is higher, especially if progressive narrowing is demonstrated in serial studies
• The patient is comparatively young

Patients are considered fit for the process if they suffer from acute narrowing of the carotid arteries, particularly if they experience TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack) or have fairly good health otherwise. Patients, however, can be eligible but at a comparatively heightened risk of complications, if they have:

• Unstable angina (chest pains)
• Congestive heart failure
• A heart attack sometime in the past six months
• A major stroke without recovery
• Major cancer, with a life expectancy that is less than two years
• High blood pressure not properly controlled by medications or changes in lifestyle
• Symptoms of some progressive brain syndrome, such as Alzheimer’s disease

Carotid endarterectomy Contraindications

The process should not be performed if:

• Stenosis is lower than 50% in a symptomatic patient
• Stenosis is lower than 60% in an asymptomatic sufferer
• The sufferer is in poor health condition
• Studies show a recent large section of dead brain in the patient
• Death or surgical incidence of stroke is higher than 3%

Carotid endarterectomy Recovery Process

Following surgery, patients may need to spend 1 or 2 days in a special post-operative-care unit or an intensive care unit (ICU). During this time, patients are closely monitored by a physician to examine their progress. Doctors make sure that patients have normal blood pressure and brain functioning. Patients are also observed to check whether they have any bleeding from the neck region. In the early stages of recovery, they are usually administered with nutrients and fluids through a tiny, thin tube known as an intravenous (IV) catheter. Patients recuperating from surgery do not experience any major painful symptoms due to the small size of the neck incision.

At the time of discharge, physicians typically recommend patients to avoid driving and reduce physical activities for several weeks to come. They are advised to seek immediate medical assistance if they suffer from severe headaches or swelling in the neck or observe any change in brain function.

After surgery, patients may be given a medication for use at home. The drug reduces the possibility of blood clotting after operation. It may be used for a few weeks.

Patients are usually able to return to a normal, active lifestyle several weeks after the surgery.

Carotid endarterectomy Management

Around 6% patients suffer from a possibility of having a re-obstruction of the carotid artery. To avoid this condition, physicians recommend certain lifestyle changes for sufferers. These include:

• Exercising regularly
• Maintaining a proper body weight
• Avoiding foods rich in saturated fat and cholesterol
• Avoiding smoking
• Controlling high pressure and diabetes
• Follow-up visits to doctor at regular intervals

Left Carotid endarterectomy

This surgical process is performed when plaque or fat deposits are detected in the internal carotid artery. The process is conducted only the location of the obstruction has been clearly confirmed by an imaging test. The process is exactly similar to as any other type of Carotid endarterectomy. The difference is only in the way the process is implemented by a doctor.

The surgery is risky in nature and may cause death in some cases. Following the initial stages of recovery, patients may require subsequent scans to help doctors check how much successful the operation has been.

Right Carotid endarterectomy

The process is conducted to remove fat or plaque that is obstructing the right carotid artery. The surgery is performed immediately after an obstruction has been detected in the region. Right carotid endarterectomy surgery is a very important operative process that should never be delayed in any condition. It is quite similar to any other form of carotid endarterectomy as the preparation and incision point are similar. Patients should immediately report to doctors about any painful symptoms after the operation. Once the surgery is completed, patients should follow a proper diet.

Following surgery, patients generally recover in two or three days. During recovery, patients should again be scanned to determine the success of the process. If it is found to be successful, patients are discharged and gradually allowed to return to a normal, active lifestyle over time.

Bilateral Carotid endarterectomy

This surgical process involves both carotid arteries. It is highly effective in removing blockages of the cartoid arteries. However, it involves certain complications for patients who have to undergo the process. Vocal cord paralysis is one of the most dreaded complications of this process. The condition typically arises in patients of bilateral high grade stenois on whom the operation is carried out. Due to this surgeons opt for separating Carotid endarterectomy into stages and carrying each staged operation after 4 to 6 weeks.

Carotid endarterectomy Pictures

Here are some assistive Carotid endarterectomy photos. These Carotid endarterectomy images will let you get an idea about how the surgical process is carried out.

Picture 1 – Carotid Endarterectomy

Picture 2 – Carotid Endarterectomy Image

Carotid endarterectomy Video

Here is a useful vide that will help you understand how this surgical process is performed in an ideal medical setting.

Carotid endarterectomy Risks

Quite a few risks are involved with this operative procedure, as is the case with most surgeries. The operation can involve acute complications. In extreme cases, stroke and death may also occur. Although CEA aims at reducing possibilities of a stroke, it actually results in one in certain cases. Stroke, however, is a rare complication and only occurs in 1-3% cases of people undergoing CEA.

Another abnormal complication is the recurrence of obstruction of the carotid artery. The condition is known as Restenosis and may arise later. The possibility of development of this condition is particularly higher in individuals who continue to smoke cigarettes. Generally, only about 2 to 3 percent patients have a possibility of developing a Restenosis that is acute enough to require another CEA surgery.

Temporary nerve injury is another rare but possible complication of this condition. It gives rise to various discomforting symptoms, such as:

• Hoarseness
• Swallowing difficulties
• Numbness in face or tongue

Short-term injuries of nerve generally resolve within a month and do not require any treatment. However, the possibility of a stroke can be much higher than any of these unusual complications if a significant carotid obstruction is not treated properly.

In some cases, patients also suffer from additional complications which include breathing difficulties and infection. Other complications include hemorrhage, hypoglossal nerve damage and Hyperperfusion Syndrome.

If you are suffering from Cartoid Artery Disease, consult your doctor to know whether CEA is the best treatment option for you.

References:

http://www.vascularweb.org/vascularhealth/Pages/carotid-endarterectomy.aspx

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/carend/

http://texheartsurgeons.com/CarotidEndarter.htm

http://www.strokecenter.org/patients/stroke-treatment/carotid-endarterectomy/

http://www.yoursurgery.com/ProcedureDetails.cfm?Proc=9

Angular cheilitis is a highly discomforting inflammatory condition of the face that is often chronic in nature. Read and know all about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.

What is Angular cheilitis?

Picture 1 – Angular cheilitis

It is an inflammatory condition that leads to the development of swollen bumps and painful cracks at the corners of the mouth. The lesions are usually painless in nature.

The condition is known by various other names like:

• Perlèche
• Cheilosis
• Angular stomatitis

Angular cheilitis Symptoms

The condition is initially characterized by the formation of deep cracks or slits at one or both corners of the mouth. If is often found to be bilateral in nature. In acute cases, there may be some bleeding from the splits. This usually occurs when the mouth is opened. The skin of the lip thickens due to this disorder and the red junction of the skin and the lip suffers a whitish discoloration. The condition also causes redness and formation of crusts or shallow ulcers. Scales may also develop on the lips. Affected individuals commonly suffer from itchiness around the crusts which eventually form into scabs.

In later stages, the lesions may release pus. Patients of this disorder generally experience pain during activities that involve the mouth, such as talking, eating or even smiling. The condition may also give rise to Sclerosis, a disorder that involves pathological thickening or hardening of tissues.

What Causes Angular cheilitis?

The exact cause of this condition is not known yet. However, doctors and medical researchers have outlined several possible causes for the syndrome. These causes do not have a gender-preference and can arise in both men and women. The possible causes include:

Nutritional deficiency

Deficiency of iron, zinc or riboflavin can increase susceptibility to this disease.

Infections

Fungal infections are considered to be a major cause for this disorder, although bacterial infections are also held responsible. If one of the cracks becomes deeper, it can be a site for growth of bacteria or fungus thus worsening the problem. Candida albicans or thrush may begin to develop in the splits, thus resulting in multifarious problems.

Malnutrition

The disorder can also indicate that the patient is suffering from any disorder caused by malnutrition, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.

Vomiting

Persistent vomiting for a long period makes a patient open and close mouth at irregular intervals. The contents of the stomach that are ejected are also half-digested. This can make the corners of the mouth damp and make them prone to infection.

Loss of teeth

The condition may also arise due to loss of teeth, which is common in elderly people. Lack of support offered to the mouth by the teeth makes individuals suffer from over-closure of mouth. This can give rise to cheilosis in elderly people.

Poorly-fitting dentures

Poorly-fitting dentures can also lead to Angular cheilitis in older people. If dentures do not fit accurately, it can result in an accumulation of saliva in the corners of the mouth. This can create a perfect environment for the development of the disorder. Elderly people also bite excessively to make their dentures fit in. This can also increase the quanity of saliva.

Some other possible causes of Angular cheilitis include:

• Dry, cracked lips due to cold weather
• Certain medications, which dry the skin
• Excessive Vitamin A in the bloodstream
• Hereditary predisposition, such as in Down’s Syndrome patients
• Protein-calorie malnutrition
• Prolonged exposure to the sun and winds
• Frequent opening and closing of mouth
• Frequent wiping of the mouth
• Constantly biting the lips (more frequent in children)
• Use of products (like certain lipsticks or toothpastes) that are incompatible for the body

Angular cheilitis Diagnosis

The disorder is primarily diagnosed by a thorough observation of the physical symptoms. Doctors check whether there are cracks in the corner of the mouth. Other symptoms, such as lesions, redness, inflammation and tenderness are also observed. Patients are asked whether they are experiencing any painful symptoms.

In older people, doctors may analyze whether loss of teeth or ill-fitting dentures are a cause of the condition. In both young and old patients, blood tests and other examinations may be conducted to determine whether a deficiency of vitamin or other minerals is the underlying cause.

Angular cheilitis Treatment

The treatment of this condition is based on its underlying cause. The treatment option depends on the type of the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. The treatment options include:

Non-invasive treatment

This involves use of medicines. 5-fluoroucil and Imioquimod are two of the most effective medications for minor cases of this disorder. 5-fluoroucil blocks DNA synthesis and makes the disease resolve completely. However, it takes anywhere from 15-30 days to show results and also gives rise to some initial side-effects like burning, redness and eroding of lesions. Imioquimod stimulates an immune response in the skin. This results in an erosion and death of the epidermal growth and subsidence of the rash on lips. It also helps avoid any recurrence of the blisters. In mild cases, over-the-counter medications such as Vitamin E oil, lip balms and topical antifungal drugs like Clotrimazole, Econazole or Nystatin may be enough to cure the problem. Lotions and creams should be avoided as these add a lot of moisture and can compound the problems caused by the condition. It must be remembered that the disease itself results from a damp environment that is likely to breed bacteria and fungus. Antibiotics, fungicides and topical medications help alleviate the symptoms, though only for a short time. It is important to address the underlying cause to help long-term cure of the disease and also prevent recurrence of its symptoms.

Invasive treatment

It is needed in more severe cases that do not respond enough to medications. Invasive cure involves procedures like electrosurgery and cryosurgery. Electrosurgery requires local anesthesia and involves use of electrical devices for the removal of the lesions. Cryosurgery requires spraying liquid nitrogen on the lesions to destroy the underlying tissues. The process is highly effective for Actinic cheilitis but can cause some pain, especially if used for treating the entire lip. Both these invasive techniques can damage surrounding tissues, retard healing rate and cause formation of scars.

Actinic cheilitis Home Remedies

Know about some home remedies for this condition.

Dietary changes

Add green leafy vegetables, legumes, carrot, tomatoes, spinach and other nutritious foods into your diet. This will help restore the level of vitamins and other minerals in your body. A lack of these substances can make you susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections, which is considered to be a major cause for this condition.

Vitamin E capsules

Buy a few Vitamin E capsules and draw out its contents with a sterilized needle. Squeeze vitamin E into your lesions to ensure quick healing.

Vitamin B supplements

Angular cheilitis often results from a deficiency of Vitamin B. Consuming supplements for vitamin B-12 (Cyanocobalamin), vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine), vitamin B-2 (Riboflavin) or vitamin B-3 (Niacin) can help you recover quickly. This of course, can be useful only if you have a deficiency of Vitamin B.

Water

Drink at least eight glasses of water every day. This will ensure that your body stays hydrated. You can use a straw to drink water so that the affected area stays dry.

You may also apply honey or aloe vera onto the area. These work as powerful natural remedies for the condition.

Angular cheilitis Prevention

It is important to prevent this condition. Unless the underlying causes are addressed, the discomforting symptoms are quite likely to recur after some time. This can be done by:

• Improving oral hygiene
• Adding enough iron, vitamins and essential minerals into the diet
• Wearing dentures that fit properly
• Giving up the habit of biting lips
• Using substitutes for skin care products (which may lead to the problem)
• Using gels and/or balms on lips to prevent them from drying
• Avoiding syndromes arising from malnutrition
• Attempting to prevent outbreak of infections

Is Angular Cheilitis Contagious?

This is not a contagious condition. However, it is mistaken as one due to the reason that cold sores, syphilis and AIDS often make themselves apparent in the same way.

Angular Cheilitis and HIV

Angular Cheilitis may also develop due to an immune system weakened by HIV. The disorder usually arises in the initial stages of HIV infection. Many HIV patients with this disease also exhibit an associated Xerostomia. In HIV negative individuals, the disorder is usually associated to patients who overclose. It is also related to a loss of the vertical dimension.

Angular Cheilitis Creams

Cracked mouth corners, one of the most primary symptoms of Angular Cheilitis, is primarly cured by 1% hydro-cortisone cream. In some cases, however, physicians may prescribe antifungal creams like Mycostatin-ll. Mycolog-II is another most widely prescribed creams for the condition. It is a combination of a steroid (Triamcinolone acetonide) and a powerful antifungal (Nystatin). Nystatin destroys the fungus while Triamcinolone acetonide helps alleviate the symptoms of Angular Cheilitis. However, the steroids contained in the cream can produce some side effects on entering the body. If you apply the cream near the mouth, ensure that it does not come in contact with the food that you eat.

Angular Cheilitis Natural Treatment

Know about some of the best natural remedies for Angular Cheilitis:

Baking soda

Put a pinch of baking soda over the affected spots. Baking soda (Sodium Bicarbonate) has been reported to yield great results for lesions on the mouth.

Cow’s Milk

If you are not allergic to milk, this can be an effective remedy for you. Cow’s milk contains certain enzymes that help destroy bacteria. Consuming milk daily can help you make a fast recovery if the condition results from an infection.

Neem leaf

Neem leaves work as a powerful cure for a number of ailments. Apply powdered neem leaves on the affected spot. This will help cure the region naturally.

Cucumber

Cucumber has a smooth, cooling effect. Cut a piece of cucumber into small slices and gently rub these on the lips and other affected spots. The coolness of this vegetable reduces pain and irritation.

Butter

Rub unsalted butter or cocoa butter into the region. Applying it over cracked or scaled lips can accelerate the healing process.

Angular cheilitis and Scars

Unless treated in time, the condition may leave red spots or scars on the face of patients. This can be prevented by the use of proper medications, which include creams and gels. If the condition results from an infection, doctors can prescribe Terrasil. This is a very effective healing gel that cures infection and relieves swelling. It promotes flow of blood to repair cracked skin regions very quickly. This prevents development of scars.

It is important to take care of these lesions in the very early stages. The more the lesions persist, the higher is the chance of scar formation in the affected skin spots. The scars may take a long time to go away. Naturally, it is better to get rid of the lesions as soon as possible to avoid permanent formation of scars. Scars resulting from this condition are extremely displeasing to look at and can be extremely damaging for the self esteem of a person.

Angular cheilitis in Children

When arising in children, the condition is mainly characterized by irritation and development of fissures in the corners of the lips. It frequently arises in kids due to biting or licking lips. It may also be an indication of underlying problems like:

• Vitamin B Deficiency
• Iron deficiency
• Anemia

All these problems mainly arise due to malnutrition and poor diet. In babies, it may arise due to accumulation of excess saliva around the mouth. Moist angles of the mouth favor infection and cause Angular Cheilitis. The condition is usually treated by antifungal drugs, topical medications and dietary modifications.

Angular Cheilitis Pictures

Take a look at these Angular Cheilitis photos to know about the physical appearance of this condition. Check out these Angular Cheilitis images to see how the physical symptoms produced by this disorder look like.

Picture 2 – Angular cheilitis Image

Picture 3 – Angular cheilitis Photo

If you suspect yourself to be suffering from symptoms of Angular Cheilitis, immediately get in touch with your healthcare provider. Seeking early medical attention can help you make a faster recovery from the disease and avoid complications like scarring and worsening of infections.

References:

http://www.skinsight.com/adult/angularCheilitisPerleche.htm

http://www.angularcheilitistreatment.net/

http://www.angular-cheilitis-center.com/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-angular-cheilitis.htm

What is Hyperaldosteronism?

It is a medical syndrome characterized by the production of high amounts of aldosterone by the adrenal glands, which may result in reduced levels of potassium in the human bloodstream.

The disorder is also known as Aldosteronism.

Hyperaldosteronism Types

Doctors typically differentiate Hyperaldosteronism into two general types, depending on the underlying causes of enhanced aldosterone production. These are:

Primary Aldosteronism (Hyperaldosteronism)

This condition results from a tumor that develops in one of the adrenal glands and produces excessive amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Adrenal tumors are typically benign (non-dangerous) in nature. However, these growths may become cancerous over time. This form of the disease is most common in people aged between 30 and 50 years.

Secondary Aldosteronism (Hyperaldosteronism)

It is caused by a condition that changes the chemical signals obtained by the adrenal glands, thereby making them manufacture excessive aldosterone. Adrenal functioning can be affected by pituitary gland abnormalities, renal disorders and high blood pressure.

Hyperaldosteronism Symptoms

Normal amounts of aldosterone hormone help regulate the level of water, sodium and potassium in body tissues and blood. Hyperaldosteronism, characterized by high level of aldosterone, makes the kidneys discharge excessive amounts of potassium from the body. This may lead to symptoms like:

• Chronic fatigue
• Muscular weakness
• Blood pressure problems
• Occasional spasms

Very low level of potassium may give rise to problems like:

• Chronic abdominal pain
• Chronic headaches
• Numbness in the extremities
• Tingling sensations in limbs after an episode of physical activity

Changes in sodium and potassium levels can lead to increase in blood pressure, which can make symptoms worse. However, it is only in rare cases that the condition turns serious enough to give rise to life-threatening complications.

Hyperaldosteronism Causes

Majority of the cases of Primary Hyperaldosteronism arise from the presence of a benign (noncancerous) tumor of the adrenal gland. Secondary Hyperaldosteronism usually results due to high blood pressure. It is also associated with diseases like:

• Heart failure
• Cirrhosis of the liver
• Nephrotic Syndrome

Hyperaldosteronism Diagnosis

Early diagnosis and treatment is essential to restore proper functioning in the endocrine system. A doctor can diagnose either type of Hyperaldosteronism with the aid of:

• A thorough physical examination
• Considering the medical history of a patient
• Analysis of the results of urine tests
• Analysis of the results of blood tests

Typically, positive lab tests detect excess potassium level in the urine and unusually elevated aldosterone levels in blood plasma. Physical signs of an adrenal tumor may also be detected with the help of diagnostic tests like:

• Plasma Renin Activity
• Serum potassium level
• Plasma aldosterone level
• ECG
• Urinary aldosterone test
• Abdominal CT scan

In some cases, healthcare professionals need to insert a catheter into adrenal gland veins to find out which of the adrenals comprise of the growth. When the condition is diagnosed by a doctor, tests are performed to detect a suppressed plasma renin and an excess of the aldosterone hormone in the urine and bloodstream.

Other useful diagnostic tests for this condition involve:

• Detecting other adrenal steroid hormones
• Detecting normal physiological changes in hormones in the morning as well as in the evening
• Analyzing responses to sodium restriction or sodium challenge

These tests can help distinguish bilateral hyperplasia from an adrenal tumor. If a tumor is suspected, radiologic proof with an MRI or CT scan generally helps confirm the diagnosis.

Hyperaldosteronism Treatment

Treatment for hyperaldosteronism depends to a large extent on the underlying cause. If a noncancerous (benign) tumor is detected, surgical removal may be necessary. Symptoms usually begin to improve soon after excision though patients may require following a special diet and use of blood pressure-regulating drugs for a complete recovery.

Hyperaldosteronism treatment also depends on the type of the condition that a person is suffering from.

Primary Hyperaldosteronism Treatment

Primary hyperaldosteronism, resulting from a tumor, is generally cured by surgery. Removal of adrenal tumors may help keep the symptoms in check. Some patients are found to suffer from high blood pressure even after surgery and require use of medicines. However, they are often able to lower the doses or number of medicines that they take.

Secondary Hyperaldosteronism Treatment

This form can be usually managed with medicines that lower blood pressure and bring Aldosteronism levels to normal. Diet and medicines are generally enough to cure this problem. Surgery is not required.

Hyperaldosteronism Medications

Medicinal management of Hyperaldosteronism is found to yield good results in many patients. If the condition arises due to Bilateral Hyperplasia, specific medications can be used to block the effect of Aldosterone. Amiloride (Midamor) and Spironalactone (Aldactone) are two such medications. Both of these are highly effective. However, they are sometimes used together with other antihypertensive drugs for managing hypertension in people affected with Hyperaldosteronism.

Some common medicines used to cure this condition include:

• Triamterene
• Amiloride
• Spironolactone (Aldactazide; Aldactone), which is a diuretic

Hyperaldosteronism Surgery

The use of surgical treatment depends on the causative condition. If a single tumor is found to be the cause, it surgical removal can ensure cure of the disease. The rest of the adrenal gland generally functions normally. It continues to produces enough adrenal hormone to ensure that patients live normally. Unfortunately, patients are often found to suffer from mild hypertension even after the operation. This makes it necessary to use antihypertensive medication in some cases.

Generally, surgery is not used to cure this problem. Use of medicines and monitoring of salt intake may control the symptoms without operative cure.

Hyperaldosteronism Prognosis

With early diagnosis and treatment, the outcome of the disease appears quite good. The prognosis of Secondary Hyperaldosteronism depends on the cause of the syndrome.

Hyperaldosteronism Complications

Some of the main complications of this disorder are:

• Impotence
• High blood pressure
• Muscular cramps
• Gynecomastia (enhanced breasts in men), which may arise with long-term spironolactone treatment
• Reduced tolerance to glucose

If you are experiencing fatigue, spasms and headaches for quiet sometime and suspect yourself to be having Hyperaldosteronism, make an appointment with your doctor immediately. Early diagnosis and cure will help you get faster relief from the symptoms of this debilitating condition and carry on your daily activities as usual.

References:

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/920713-overview

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000330.htm

http://www.cushings-help.com/hyperaldosteronism.htm

http://www.nadf.us/diseases/hyperaldosteronism.htm

Pseudodementia is a mental condition that is present in approximately 10-20% of all cases of depression. Read and know what is Pseudodementia as well as its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

Pseudodementia Definition

It is a syndrome that makes an individual suffer from depression as well as cognitive impairment. It is quite similar to dementia, but actually results from an underlying psychiatric condition such as depression.

Pseudodementia Symptoms

The symptoms of Pseudodementia, which closely resemble those of real dementia and also involve signs of depression, include:

• Memory loss
• Poor self-care
• Mental confusion
• Poor concentration
• Chronic pain
• Major changes in sleep habits
• Reduced rate of cognitive response
• Forgetfulness
• Reduced energy
• Suicidal thoughts
• Loss of interest
• Self-blaming
• Retarded decision-making
• Reduced problem-solving abilities
• Inability to recall immediately

The person may also suffer from a general feeling of illness and sadness. However, Pseudodementia is markedly different from other conditions in two distinct ways. Firstly, its symptoms cannot be explained by any recognized neurological condition. Secondly, the cognitive deficits associated with the disorder improve or reverse considerably even when treatment is going on.

The symptoms of Pseudodementia vary widely in elderly individuals and closely imitate those of Dementia:

Pseudodementia Causes

Some of the main suspected causes of this condition are:

Hyperactive thyroid gland

An overactive thyroid gland reduces the functioning of the entire body.

Age

Increase in age is believed to be a reason for development of this condition. The condition is commonly seen to arise in individuals over 65 years of age.

Pneumonia

An old person who suddenly catches Pneumonia is also found to suffer from this problem.

Depressive Illness

Presence of depressive disorders may also give rise to this problem.

Brain Injury

The condition is also believed to result from accidental head trauma that causes brain injury.

Pseudodementia Diagnosis

The diagnosis of this condition requires a thorough clinical interview. Patients suffering from depression and complaining of memory problems should undergo neuropsychological tests in the office of a doctor. Such tests are usually enough to determine impairment in the memory or cognitive abilities of sufferers.

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is frequently used to distinguish between Pseudodementia and other types of dementia. Results from this examination are combined with the medical history and current functioning of patients to make a proper diagnosis.

Some other diagnostic tests for this disorder involve:

• Screening tool test, to detect the main cause of the disorder
• Blood test, to diagnose any neurological disorder
• Electroencephalography
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
• CT (Computed Tomography) scans

Pseudodementia Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis for this disorder involves distinguishing it from other conditions that give rise to similar symptoms. Such conditions can be:

• Depression
• Encephalitis
• Frontal lobe tumor
• Hypothyroidism
• Vitamin deficiency

Treatment of Pseudodementia

This condition can be treated by two methods. Antidepressant therapy is the first approach. If patients fail to show a good response to this therapy, electro-convulsive therapy can be the other curative approach. The second treatment approach is not generally used and kept only as a second option as it may result in some amount of memory loss.

The treatment of Pseudodementia actually depends on the signs and symptoms exhibited by patients. If underlying conditions like Depression is treated immediately, the signs of the disease will clear away. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography is also used for curing the condition.

Pseudodementia Prognosis

If Pseudodementia is associated with untreated depression, prognosis can be bad with chances of complications high in patients. False dementia has a good outcome. Psychiatric treatment can cure mental retardation and restore normalcy in patients within a short time.

Fortunately, most people with this disorder show good response when treated with antidepressants. If patients are adequately treated for depression, symptoms may show a complete reversal.

While treating elderly patients of this disorder, it is important to use medicines with care. Majority of antipsychotic drugs, such as Seroquel (Quetiapine), have been found to yield good results in younger people but should not be considered a bankable treatment in case of elders.

Pseudodementia Prevention

There is no specific way of preventing this ailment. However, its development can be avoided to an extent by a healthy lifestyle that involves:

• Regular physical exercise, which includes running, jogging and any type of short workouts
• Frequently indulging in recreational activities, such as playing cards
• Keeping away from all sources of tension

Pseudodementia Vs Dementia

It is often difficult to distinguish Pseudodementia from Dementia due to multiple similarities between the two conditions. However, there exist a few signs that can help experienced physicians differentiate the two disorders. These symptoms are more apparent in elderly people.

Pseudodementia symptoms in elderly patients

• Has an acute onset
• Sufferers focus on failures
• They do not suffer from any confusion at night
• They often avoids answering questions
• They are aware of their problems
• Varying cognitive capacity

Dementia symptoms in elderly patients

• Has a slow onset
• Patients focus on past successes
• They suffer from increased confusion at night
• Progressive decline of cognitive capacity
• They guess answers and have an imaginary memory (Confabulation)
• They are unaware of problems

Depressive Pseudodementia

It is a condition marked by deterioration in cognitive abilities associated with natural increase in age. The disorder is marked by early loss of social skills and depression. They also exhibit minimal efforts to cope up with dysfunction. On treatment, however, patients show a good response. Treatment helps reverse cognitive impairment and restores normalcy in sufferers. Antidepressants are found to be quite effective in improving and managing this condition. However, little is known about the long-term results of this disorder.

The condition is also referred to as “Melancholic Dementia”.

If anyone in your family is displaying symptoms of this condition, get him or her to a doctor immediately. Timely diagnosis and treatment goes a long way in curing such mental ailments. In case of elderly sufferers, it is important to carry out proper treatment in time to check the condition and prevent worsening of its symptoms.

References:

http://www.depression-guide.com/pseudodementia.htm

http://www.geroeducation.org/HyperText_Module/Depression/html/dementia_versus_depressive_pseudodementia.htm

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3911280

http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=15336&cn=231

Molluscum Contagiosum is a discomforting skin condition affecting many children and adults around the world. Find out more about the condition as well as its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

What is Molluscum Contagiosum?

Picture 1 – Molluscum Contagiosum

It is a common viral skin infection that gives rise to painless, hard lumps over the skin surface. The condition mainly affects children.

Molluscum Contagiosum Symptoms

The condition results in the development of tiny, painless papules over the skin of sufferers. The lesions are commonly found to have a central core consisting of a white, waxy substance. Characteristically, there is a tiny dot or indentation at the top of the lumps. In later stages, these bumps may get elevated and become round and flesh-colored in appearance.

Typically, the nodules are 2-5 mm (less than ¼ inch) in diameter and occur in lines. They are often found to arise in skin regions that have been scratched by a person or irritated in some other way. Unlike other skin lesions, these do not generally appear as red or swollen until scratched. If scratched or irritated, the papules get inflamed and occur in lines.

In children, the nodules typically arise on the neck, face, hands, arms and armpits. However, they may develop on any region of the body except for the palms and the soles. In adults, these may appear due to an underlying sexually transmitted disease (STD). The papules are usually located on the genitals, buttocks, inner upper thighs and lower abdomen in grown-ups.

Molluscum Contagiosum Causes

Picture 2 – Molluscum Contagiosum Image

The condition results from an infection by Molluscum Contagiosum Virus. Referred to as MCV, it is a member of the Poxvirus family. The virus can easily spread through:

Direct skin-to-skin contact

The infection occurs when the skin of a child directly comes into contact with a lesion on the body of another child or an adult.

Contact with contaminated objects

The virus may also spread through contact with objects contaminated by the virus, such as towels, toys, clothing, faucet handles or doorknobs.

Sexual contact

The virus also spreads due to sexual contact with an infected person. Initially, nodules arising on the genitalia can be confused with warts or herpetic rashes. Unlike herpetic lesions, however, these lesions are painless.

Irritation

Irritation caused to the lesions due to activities like scratching, rubbing or shaving may spread the virus to adjacent skin. The virus can also spread in a line or in crops (groups).

Weakened immunity

Individuals with a compromised immune system due to underlying disorders, such as AIDS, may suffer from a rapid worsening of MCV.

Molluscum Contagiosum Diagnosis

Physicians usually diagnose the condition by simple observation of the physical appearance of the papules. If they suspect any serious underlying condition, scrapings from the infected skin region may be taken and held under a microscope. A skin biopsy may help in an accurate diagnosis and ruling out the presence of other underlying disorders.

If lumps show up in the genital area, doctors may consider the infection as an STD and carry out further tests. Adults displaying genital molluscum contagiosum rashes should be properly screened for STDs.

An extremely large number of these papules can be indicative of an underlying deficiency of the immune system.

Molluscum Contagiosum Treatment

Physicians often recommend medical cure, particularly for adults. This is mainly due to the fact that MCV infection spreads easily. Treatment for the condition may involve removal of the nodules by:

Non-surgical techniques

MC nodules usually resolve after a period. If they do not, medical techniques may be used for their removal. Removal of individual papules through surgical procedures like freezing, de-coring, needle electrosurgery or scraping has been found to result in scarring (formation of scars in the operated areas). Due to this, the papules are removed with the aid of non-surgical methods like:

• Laser therapy
• Freezing (Cryotherapy)
• Scraping (curettage)

These techniques can be painful for patients. Hence, physicians may prescribe a topical anesthetic to lessen discomfort in sufferers before using non-surgical procedures.

Medications

Topical medications, such as those used to cure psoriasis and acne or remove warts, may be effective in removing the nodules. Imiquimod cream, Tretinoin cream and Cantharidin (commonly referred to as “beetle juice”) are used as standard topical medications for this skin disease. In some cases, a combination of these cures may be used. However, these remedies may result in temporary discoloration of the skin.

Molluscum Contagiosum Home Remedies

Some common home remedies for Molluscum contagiosum include:

Sea Salt Scrub

Combine 2 cups of sea salt with 1/2 cup of olive oil, 1 tablespoon of honey, 2 drops of tea tree essential oil and 1/4 cup of Grapeseed oil. Gently massage the bumps with this solution every day can help you get rid of the lesions. Allow the solution to soak into the skin region for a minute and then wash off with clean water. Use a clean towel to pat the skin dry. Store the mixture in a glass jar to make it last for months.

Salicylic acid application

Directly apply salicylic acid over the lesions to speed up their decomposition. This is a widely popular remedy and is often used as the first treatment for Molluscum.

Tea tree oil application

Tea tree oil has powerful astringent (causes compression of body tissues and canals) properties that are effective in stopping the spread of the lesions. For a more soothing experience, drop the oil in bath-water and soak it in for at least 15 minutes. It is considered to be one of the best natural herbal cures for Molluscum contagiosum.

Molluscum Contagiosum Over-the-Counter Treatment

Over-the-counter treatment for this condition include topical remedies, such as

• Aldara
• Betadine Surgical Scrub
• Cantharidin
• Imiquimod cream
• Lemon Myrtle Oil
• Tretinoin (Retin-A)
• Trichloroacetic acid
• 10 percent iodine solution
• 10 percent potassium hydroxide solution
• Zymaderm

In many cases, topical application of these OCD creams and ointments ensures faster recovery and quick resolution of the symptoms.

Homeopathic Treatment for Molluscum Contagiosum

Homeopathic treatment is not only effective in curing the condition but also removing any chance of recurrence of the disease at any time in future. Over-the-counter (OTC) remedies only offer symptomatic relief and do not treat the cause of the condition as such. But homeopathic remedies bring about a permanent relief and not a temporary respite.

The standard homeopathic treatment for the condition is a drug named ‘Thuja’. It is available in most pharmacies and is also used for curing warts. The medicine is completely safe. A patient should be administered with one dose of the drug for two times daily. Usually, the medicine is used in strengths of ‘12c’ or ‘30c’. The condition usually improves after a few weeks. ‘Thuja’ is one of the best homeopathic remedies for Molluscum Contagiosum.

Molluscum Contagiosum Prognosis

The disease does not give rise to any serious complication. In people with healthy immunity, the condition generally resolves on its own but may take a long time to go away. The nodules may last for a few months or even several years before disappearing completely. They ultimately vanish without leaving any scar, unless the area has been excessively scratched. In most cases, they are seen to go away within 6 – 18 months.

Picture 3 – Molluscum Contagiosum Photo

However, immunosuppressed people (or individuals having a compromised immune system due to conditions like AIDS) may suffer from a rapid worsening of this skin disorder.

In very rare cases, the condition may last longer than two or even five years.

Molluscum Contagiosum in Children

As aforesaid, this condition affects many kids across the world. The MC virus spreads easily and children mostly acquire it from schools or day care centers. The condition is contagious and may spread from direct skin-to-skin contact or touching objects containing virus, such as clothes, toys, bedding and towels. The growths generally develop 2-8 weeks after infection.

MCV infection is common among children aged between 1 and 12 years. However, it is seen most in kids between and 1 and 4 years of age. The condition is characterized by the development of small lesions that are slightly pink or pearly-white in color. For most children, the condition is not too discomforting and goes away naturally with time. The presence of lesions does not affect activities like going to school or taking part in sports.

If left untreated, these may persist for 6 months or a longer duration. Generally, these lesions take anywhere from 1 – 1 ½ years to go away without treatment.

It is generally not a good idea to treat these nodules, especially in children. This is usually because:

• Many of the curative methods, such as application of liquid nitrogen, can be painful for patients
• Some curative techniques have a risk of burning the skin adjoining the lesions
• There can be a minor risk of scarring of the skin due to some treatments

Molluscum Contagiosum in Women

Molluscum Contagiosum is commonly found in women who exercise in gyms, ride bicycles frequently or have multiple sexual partners. They may also get the condition from sexual contact with an MCV-infected male or due to non-sexual viral transmission from children or adult males. The condition is characterized by the development of firm, round bumps over the skin on the sex organs, thighs, pubic region, below the waist or buttocks.

The bumps often heal without treatment.In some cases, however, women may suffer from itchiness or irritation in the lesions. Treatment may be required in such cases. Doctors may scrape the lesions off or treat them with chemical agents.

Women with this condition should abstain from sexual intercourse or have intimacy with only one partner who does not have sex with any other individual. Sexually active women may reduce the risk of suffering from MCV infection or other STDs by using latex barriers such as dental dams, finger cots and condoms.

Genital Molluscum Contagiosum

It is a condition characterized by the development of MCV lesions on the genitals of adults. The problem mainly results from the transmission of the Molluscum virus while having sex. This is an extremely contagious virus and gets transmitted through direct contact with the skin. During sexual activities, the genitals and the pubic regions are exposed and come in direct contact. This makes transmission easy and inevitable.

Men suffering from Genital Molluscum (or MCV lesions on the penis) as well women suspected of having it on their vagina should refrain from having sex until complete resolution of the infection. If sex is continued, there is a high chance that the infected person will transmit the virus to their partner.

Molluscum Contagiosum Complications

In people with severe cases of MCV infection, the nodules and the surrounding skin region turn red and swollen. This condition is referred to as “Molluscum Dermatitis”. This is supposed to occur as an immune response to the viral infection.

If lesions arise on the eyelids, patients may suffer from Conjunctivitis at a later stage. If scratched excessively, the nodules may give rise to secondary bacterial infections on the skin surface. If the skin is irritated, the infection may persist and even spread to adjacent skin areas. There may also be minor problems, such as persistence itchiness in the affected spots.

Molluscum Contagiosum Prevention

The condition can be prevented by measures like:

• Avoiding direct contact with skin lesions of people infected with MCV
• Not sharing towels with infected people.
• Avoiding sex for some time
• Having sex with a single partner known to be non-infected (to prevent molluscum virus as well as other STDs)
• Using condoms with nonoxynol 9 and spermicide. Although they do not offer complete protection from viral infection, they may reduce chances of getting or spreading sexually transmitted conditions.

Molluscum Contagiosum Pictures

Know about the physical appearance of these lesions with these useful Molluscum Contagiosum photos. The Molluscum contagiosum images will help you in getting a true idea about how the condition looks like.

Picture 4 – Molluscum Contagiosum                Picture 5 – Molluscum Contagiosum Image

Picture 6 – Molluscum Contagiosum               Picture 7 – Photo of Molluscum Contagiosum

If you have symptoms similar to Molluscum Contagiosum, visit your health care provider immediately. This will help you check the condition at the earliest and also prevent development of new symptoms or aggravation of a possible underlying STD.

References:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001829/

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/molluscum-contagiosum/DS00672

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/molluscum_contagiosum/article_em.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000826.htm

http://www.medicinenet.com/molluscum_contagiosum/article.htm